Accounting Degree Definition, Types and Careers

An accounting degree is a type of academic degree awarded to students who have completed an accounting education program at a college, university or business school. Accounting is the study of financial reporting and analysis. Accounting courses vary by school and level of education, but you can almost always expect to take a combination of business, accounting, and general education courses as part of an accounting degree program.   Types of Accounting Degrees There is an accounting degree for every level of education. The three most common degrees earned by accounting majors including: Associate Degree  - An associate degree is an undergraduate degree that is designed for students with a high school diploma or GED. This degree takes two years to complete and may qualify you for entry-level positions, such as accounting clerk.  Bachelors Degree  - A bachelors degree is an  undergraduate degree for students with a high school diploma, GED, or associate degree. This degree takes three to four years of full-time study to complete. You need at least a bachelors degree to become a certified public accountant.  Masters Degree  - A masters degree or MBA is a graduate degree for students who have already earned a bachelor degree. Most masters degree programs take two years of full-time study to complete, but there are accelerated MBA programs that can be completed in as little as 11 months. A masters degree or MBA will qualify you for most management positions in the accounting field.   Which Degree Option Is Best for Accounting Majors? A bachelors degree is the most common requirement in the field. The federal government, as well as many public and private firms, requires applicants to have at least a bachelors degree to be considered for most entry-level positions. Some organizations also require special certifications or licenses, such as the Certified Public Accountant designation. What Can I Do With an Accounting Degree? Business majors who earn an accounting degree often go on to work as an accountant. There are four basic types of accounting professionals: Public Accountants - These accountants may work for non-profit organizations, for-profit organizations, governments, or individuals. Public accountants typically perform accounting, auditing, and tax work. However, they may also provide advice, consulting, or auditing services to their clients.Management Accountants - Sometimes known as private or cost accountants, management accountants record and analyze financial information for their employers. Management accountants sometimes specialize in a particular area, such as cost accounting, financial analysis, or planning and budgeting.Government Accountants - Government accountants can work for federal, state, or local governments. They often maintain revenue and expenditure records. Those who work for the federal government may serve as agents for the Internal Revenue Service. Jobs are also available in areas of financial management, administration, and budget analysis.Internal Auditors - These specialized accountants examine records for the firms they work for to ferret out waste or fraud. They also review operations for efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness. See a list of other common  job titles for accounting grads.   Top Jobs in Accounting Accountants who have advanced degrees, such as a masters degree, are often eligible for more advanced career positions than accountants with an associate or bachelor degree. Advanced positions may include supervisor, manager, controller, chief financial officers, or partner. Many experienced accountants also choose to open their own accounting firm.   Job Outlook for Accounting Majors According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook for individuals who specialize in accounting is better than average. This field of business is growing and should stay strong for quite a few years to come. There are plenty of entry-level opportunities, but  Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) and students with masters degrees have the best prospects.

Vietnam The Global Economic Crisis Greatly Affected Vietnam

The country that I have chosen to do research in is Vietnam. Vietnam was considered one of the poorest countries until just recently it has been transformed into a lower middle-income country because of changing from a centrally planned economy into a more market-oriented economy through the use of the international trading system. The political and economic reform project is called Doi Moi and since Doi Moi has been initiated, Vietnam has grown at an annual average rate of 6.3% between the years 2007-2012 (World Trade Organization). The global financial crisis greatly affected Vietnam because it led to more tightly macroeconomic policies that were implemented in 2011. However, the official unemployment rate remains very low, even though inflation dropped by 23% in 2008 and 18.6% in 2011(World Trade Organization). The global economic crisis also dropped foreign exchange reserves a large significant amount for the year 2008. However, in 2013 the foreign exchange reserves rose to 28.6 billion dollars in United States currency (World Trade Organization). The use of direct policy tools rather than indirect were used to accomplish macroeconomic objectives that were set out in 2011. The monetary policy controlled inflation and this can be seen in recent years when the central bank with the government help we re able to devalue it’s national currency a minimum of seven times to improve export competitiveness and narrow it’s trading band (World Trade Organization). Vietnam hasShow MoreRelatedVietnam And Its Impact On Vietnam1231 Words   |  5 Pagesis Vietnam. Vietnam was considered one of the poorest countries until just recently it has been transformed in a lower middle-income country because of changing from a centrally planned economy into a more market-oriented economy through the use of the international trading system. 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(3) In 1953, the Korean War ends, splitting Korea into Communist North, and Democratic South Korea at the thirty eighth parallel. The following year Vietnam is split at the seventeenth parallel to combat Communism. Three years later in 1957 the Russian Sputnik is launched into orbit marking the start of the Space Race between United States and Soviet Union. In January of 1959, Cuba is taken over by FidelRead MoreNike Business Case Study1380 Words   |  6 Pagesto act† (Lecture 1, 2017). Businesses do not behave ethically because they think their profits will increase, even though unethical behaviors can be costly to a company. When a business acts ethically correct, society benefits from the encourage economic competition, people feel better about working for that company, and it s the right thing to do which can cause personal happiness and satisfaction (Lecture 1, 2017). 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And indeed from the end of the second world war, and especially after the fall of the Soviet Union, the US has been an unmatched unipolar hegemon in the world. Issues such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the 2008 economic crisis have greatly affected US standing in the world (American PoliticalRead MoreHonda Motorbike Vietnam Marketing Strategy8077 Words   |  33 PagesS TUDY OF HONDA ON VIETNAM MOTORBIKE MARKET TABLE OF CONTENT Part | Page | Introduction | 1 | CHAPTER I: THEORY ON INTERNATIONAL MARKETING AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ENVIROMENT | 2 | 1.1. Overview on International marketing | 2 | 1.2. International marketing environment | 3 | | | CHAPTER II: CASE STUDY OF HONDA ON VIETNAM MOTORBIKE MARKET | 8 | 2.1. Introduction to Honda | 8 | 2.1.1. Honda Company | 8 | 2.1.2. Honda Motorbike Vietnam | 9 | 2.2. Vietnam environment analysisRead MoreImpact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On The Region s Development1704 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Crisis of 1997 on the region’s development â€Å"Since World war II, development has been the most important term used to describe economic, social and political changes in what have come to be known as Third world countries† (Zhang, 2003). The Asian financial crisis of 1997 had a major impact on the regions development as it was the end of the East Asian economic miracle, a time that showed staggering economic growth throughout the Asia Pacific. However, despite evidence that the economic developmentRead MorePros and Cons of Globalization2741 Words   |  11 PagesName: Shi Zhun Student ID: 1223396 Date: 29/Oct/2008 Table of Contents Page Number 1. Summary...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 3. The definition of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........4 4. Economic growth (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 5. Worker (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 6. Consumer (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 7. Human rights (pros and cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 8. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 References†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Cordia Llp free essay sample

The cultural web shows the behavioural, physical and symbolic manifestations of a culture that inform or are informed by the ‘taken-for-granted’ paradigms of an organisation. Staff retention is high and employees rarely leave Cordia for other opportunities. As a result Cordia’s policy is for its employees to work until 65 years of age and then retire. Symbols: These refer to the visual representations of the company including logos, state of the offices and dress codes. Cordia has a 9 to 5 work pattern and has a ‘Directors Corridor’ which is described as the walk way to the Managing Director and Operations Director’s offices. * Power Structures: These are the pockets of real power within the company. It may include senior executives or even a whole department. It basically refers to the person or group of people who have the most amount of influence on decisions, operations and strategic direction. Cordia has highly established norms and places heavy reliance on implied authority. We will write a custom essay sample on Cordia Llp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Organisational Structures: Includes the structure defined by the organisational chart and the unrecorded lines of authority and influence that indicate whose contributions are most respected. According to Cordia staff the organisational structure within Cordia is very formal, strict and relies heavily on historical values. * Control Systems: This refers to the way that the organisation is controlled. It includes financial and quality systems. At Cordia, emphasis on top level accounts is done only by senior management. This means that if the summative impact of total performance for each division is satisfactory then there is no deeper analyses into individual cost centre performances. * Rituals and Routines: Includes the daily behaviour and actions of people that signal acceptable behaviour. This is utilised to determine what is expected to happen in given situations and what is valued by management. The Operations Director at Cordia holds yearly conversations with HQ staff. This means that he meets with groups of HQ staff (100) at a time in a theatre room and presents to them the results of the business for the previous year and lays out the challenges that lie ahead. This is his opportunity to explain the strategy of Cordia, reflect on actual strategic outcomes and compare these with planned strategic outcomes. The culture web is used to identify the company’s culture as it is currently. This will then enable the company to identify the ‘webs’ of norm and culture that is prohibiting it from moving forward. Through the culture web of Cordia is can clearly be seen that the company places high value on historical practices and the company is managed accordingly. Some of the key strategic issues arising from a cultural analysis of Cordia include: * Strategically Cordia is still too focused on one area of industry fulfilment 85 % of its trading operations are with one client, i. e. Glasgow City Council. The council comprises of departments that are currently primarily interested in providing a service within budget as opposed to increasing the bottom line. Thus being 85% affiliated to departments like these ensures that Cordia has no manoeuvring room with regard to price negotiations and cost efficiencies etc. Cordia’s biggest challenge within the cultural perspective is to redirect the view of its divisions towards efficiency and competitive strategy. Wakefield, a west Yorkshire Town in the UK, is currently undergoing a discreet revolution3. Sate services are increasingly being contracted out. Spending cuts have forced local authorities to find efficiencies and the coalition (Labour and Conservative parties) has plans to reshape and restrict what the state does. Even though this contractual process is different from the Cordia case, it still leans toward governments trying to find more efficient ways of operating. 3 http://www. economist. com/node/21550290 * An important element to consider is the extent to which the delivery of council services remains a central part of the model. The concept of competition is not well established within Cordia as most employees still view the company as a council division. If the employees are unconsciously averse to a new Cordia Way then the likelihood for success in the company strategy are much lower. Cordia has a culture that is particularly resistant to change. The culture web reflects the privileges and the paternalistic nature of the Council. It is widely highlighted that the Council will always provide the facilities, practices and processes and terms and conditions that enable Cordia to keep trading as an appendage of the Council. The continued alignment to the heritage of Council dominance is manifested in many of the routines and control systems. Effectively, the ways of operating remain those of the past. In view of this, Cordia will never be able to break completely free of certain cultural mind-sets that the council has nurtured. This makes fostering a new strategy very difficult. * Another important point to consider is how the Cordia leaders perceive themselves. In keeping with the companies deep connection with history and seeing their jobs as being 100% secure, do the leaders have the view that they are still within the protected shield of the council or do they believe that they are part of a more fluid social network. It is imperative that the leaders understand the Cordia Way and what it implies to the company. This will ensure that work effectively to increase revenue rather than break even with the view that everyone is safe. Cordia’s strategic position as per the case describes a company that relies on the past to make decisions in the present. It also implies a high regard for formality and structure and little regard for fluidity in strategy and decision making. Cordia has outlines a change management plan to deal with these issues. There are two views of strategy development; the intended strategy, sometimes referred to as the rational or analytical view of strategy and the emergent strategy which highlights the view that strategies do not develop on the foundation of a grand plan but rather develop over time. Henry Mintzberg describes emergent strategies as such: ‘emergent strategy originates not in the mind of the strategist, but in the interaction of the organization with its environment. ’4 Cordia’s strategy development comes not from an individual but from the organizations relationship with the internal and external environments that it is part of. On the surface, there appears to be an apparent absence of formal strategic planning and a higher degree of operational planning. There is evidence of an externally imposed strategy from the centre of the council in the advent of Cordia’s new LLP company profile. Strategy within Cordia is also formal and emergent. Cordia’s management respect the politically and externally imposed strategy but also take advantage of strategic opportunities derived from a political and social closeness to powerful stakeholders that reveal opportunities for advancing the business. Cordia’s managing director Fergus states that Cordia is rooted in good business relations amongst all stakeholders hence the new branding of the company under the name ‘Cordia’ which is derived from the cordial relationships between the company and its stakeholders. 4 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Strategy_dynamics The most appropriate way to describe this mixed bag of strategy development is logical incrementalism. This is the development of strategy by experimentation and learning. The five stages of logical incrementalism5 are stated as: General Concern: A vaguely felt awareness of an issue. * Broadcasting of a general idea: The idea is circulated for reactions * Formal development of a change plan * Use of a crisis or opportunity: This is to stimulate implementation of change * Adaptation: the plan adapts as implementation progresses In Cordia’s case, the opportunity arose when in 2008; the Glasgow City council had to settle an equal pay dispute which resulted in a pay increase of an average of 20%. They then utilised this ‘crisis’ to implement change within the organisation. The four main characteristics of the logical incrementalism model within Cordia are as follows: * Environmental uncertainty: Cordia realised that they cannot rely solely on historical data and perspectives to run the company. They have to be aware of the changes in the environment. To ensure that the company creates revenue they have to manage service provision with business management. * General goals: Cordia did not state specific goals for the company. Instead it went the route of incorporating six, twenty week phases into the Cordia Way. This ensures that the company moves forward incrementally rather than in leaps and bounds without a specific, clear direction. * Experimentation: Cordia management sought to create a strong, secure and more flexible core business. The case highlights that Cordia is involved in three different operational sectors: Encore, Facilities Management and Care Services. Cordia understand that each of these require different objectives to grow and develop further thus strengthening the overall brand. 5 http://www. 12manage. com/description_logical_incrementalism. tml * Coordinating emergent strategies: Top management of Cordia have highlighted formal and informal processes in order to draw a picture of their emerging strategy. The formal process includes the twenty week phases which serve not only as part of change management but also to increase the efficiency of the business. Cordia has thus demonstrated a strategy development process that is more similar to the logical incrementalism model than any other. Cordia is not a wary business nor does it burden itself with too much conceptualisation or planning. It is a management culture which likes action. It is known as a problem solver in large scale manual services. Therefore, in most cases strategy may be considered as the outcome of resolving emerging issues. The political view of strategy is also critically evident as Cordia has powerful factions, divisional leaders, middle managers and political leaders with conflicting political agendas. Cordia’s challenge then arises in filtering out what is important for their strategic purposes and what is not. Question Three What strategy should Cordia accept and why? This basically meant that the company would start afresh as an organisation but not separated from the banner of the municipality as 99% of the company was still owned by the municipality. Given the recent turmoil over pay disputes, and the fact that the company had to pay-out large sums of money due to inequalities, the council gave Cordia LLP three years in which to improve on their competitive position in the business environment, therefore the organisations strategy focussed on the next three years of its trading life. The company needed to break even in the next few years or risk the council outsourcing the services for other models. There were limitations however, as still being under the council’s banner, they were still bound by the council’s strategy. Under the LLP, Cordia had three divisions of operations; Encore hospitality services, Facilities management and Care services. These three divisions indicated three different strategies: * Encore: The case makes mention that encore is the â€Å"sexier part of the business†. Encore is highly competitive and has an aggressive strategy with the expectation of doubling its turnover in the first three years. Facilities Management: This part of the LLP was mainly concerned with leading service delivery and was very cost efficient in the manner in which it employed people on ‘term time’ basis. This meant that people are only employed for the duration of each school term. This division has to constantly re-invent itself as students are rejecting the menu offering. Calling upon core competences is the key to strategic development in this case as the brand was once recognised as the leading change in school meals programmes. Care service: This is the largest of the business division and also the leader in the care industry with recent innovations to the products offered for example â€Å"Equip U†. This division had the potential to be the major contributor to cost reduction within the organisation. Cordia recognised an opportunity for growth. Here key issues for Cordia were twofold. To develop an understanding on the part of every employee at the organisation (create a culture) and a commercial orientation throughout the organisation to breakdown the structural and cultural differences (the silos that the structure created among the departments) and, To develop Cordia competitive advantage as this will eventually determine whether Cordia retains customers for repeat business and reaches its 3 year goal of proving to the municipality that this is indeed an organisation that can be profitable in an already saturated market of relationship management. According to the case, Cordia decided to develop a brand strategy. This can be highlighted as a marketing strategy that the company was embarked upon. The managing director realised that the company’s core competency was relationship management. Cordia was, after all, developing into a market leader in relationship management in the catering and care service industries. Part of Cordia’s strategy development was to improve on its core competencies. Competition was inflexible in the other two sectors, but this was not the case for the Care Service industry. Cordia recognised the need to develop this part of the business given that it was a fairly new innovation in the country. Cordia realised that change was in the cards and embarked upon a strategy to seize the moment. The company decided to embark on a strategy to monopolise the market since they already had an established sector. From the case it can be clearly seen that the main strategy developed in the organisation was aimed at improving their competitive advantage and to become market leaders in their field of operations by focussing on their core competences. The managing director recognised the need for new business to come into the organisation and hence, as part of the organisations strategy for growth through extensive brand development, Cordia has established a commercial strategy department that ensured that all the services offered by the company was of the highest standard. This refers to employees within of an organization performing specialized tasks and in Cordia’s case, the Care Services in DACS. There was a great historical emphasis on caring for the client (core competences) and not running the unit as a business (strategy). The MD realized that changes in the structure were needed but did not want make any changes at such an early stage of its three year strategy. The managing director realized that this would involve the buy in of management and staff. The case makes mention of various options available to the organization to initiate a structural change to the organization. In an attempt to restructure and reassess the culture of the organization, the organization launched a program called the â€Å"Cordia Way†. The market will thus see Cordia as an LLP and not just merely an extension of the council. The case also mentions of the â€Å"Metamorphosis of Cordia† where the MD decided that the current structure might not be appropriate in keeping with the organization’s strategy. The MD envisioned a structure that reflects a more commercial (appealing to all sectors of relationship management) and fluid (be able to flow without hindrance from the council) identity. At its current state, Cordia reflected a structure, as mentioned above, that was functional and clearly divisional. One of the major challenges facing strategic management was to breakdown these divisions and make the company one entity with one specific goal in sight. The company strategy! The organization enjoys being under the banner of the council for the following reasons: * The organization is quite happy to enjoy the support of the council as this was a source of core business. The various divisions that served the council basically guaranteed continued business from the council. The opportunities for the LLP were endless as the organization enjoyed the benefit of operating in the free market. * The organization now had the power to set up a commercial division to enhance strategy and growth The need to change the structure is very evident in the case if Cordia is going to be seen as a market leader in the relationship management industry. As previously mentioned, the structure should be commercial and fluid. Although the organization has a current structure typical to that of a functional structure, multi divisional structures are also seen in the three areas of operation within the organization. Multi divisional structures are not without disadvantages. The clear divisions between the various areas of operations become very evident, that is, employees of the Care service see themselves as â€Å"care services employees†. Cordia should seek to adopt a structure that would encourage interaction between the divisions which will in turn satisfy the needs of the organization and will eventually set Cordia LLP up as an organization competing in the open market and not simply a subsidiary of the council.

Macbeth Essays (1116 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth In all of his plays, Shakespeare uses an assortment of motifs and symbols that bear vivid imagery, almost bringing them to life, just like a character. In the tragedy Macbeth, Shakespeare does an excellent job in using the element darkness, and words associated to it, to create a type of "force" that has an impact on the characters and the play itself. When we think of the dark, what immediately comes to our minds are feelings of evilness, wickedness, and negativity. Darkness is a tool that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth use to lead them both to execute deadly, murderous acts. At first darkness is simply portrayed as a blanket to cover up a bad deed when needed. As the play progresses, darkness evolves into a personality (creature) that plagues Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. This evolution is evident in the deeds of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in the course of the play. The plot directly affecting Macbeth starts off when he meets the Three Witches who tell him a prophecy that piques his mind. They tell him that he will soon be the King of Scotland: "All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!" (I.iii.49). This scene takes place in darkness, and it is the first time we see darkness as being natural. There is thunder, and therefore there are gray clouds and it is dark. With the combination of the witches (known to society as being evil) and the darkness, we get the notion that there is something vile going on. Banquo, at one point in the play, defines the witches as being "the instruments of darkness" (I.iii.123). The witches' prophecies lead him to consider the role and the privilege of being king which he would have never considered before. Apparently darkness, even at its initial, natural appearance, brought evil. The next appearance of darkness is used as a"blanket," a hider of bad deeds. Macbeth says to himself, "Stars, hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires" (I.iv.51-52). In other words, he is asking for darkness to hide his evil desires. Just before Macbeth's quote, Duncan names his successor, and it is not Macbeth. Duncan names his son Malcolm. After previous pondering, Macbeth realizes then that he must do something himself in order for the prophecy to come true. He decides to become king through foul play. He instantaneously calls upon darkness to be a blanket to hide his dark, evil desires so that he can preserve his benign outlook. It is noticeable that he went straight to calling darkness instead of dealing with "the instruments of darkness," the three witches. This is an indication of him taking matters into his own hands; perhaps the beginning of his abusing of the power of darkness. Alongside to Macbeth, Lady Macbeth also asks darkness to hide her evil deeds. After she reads Macbeth's letter, she too gets the whim of being queen and enjoying all the benefits that will come with it. In her speech (I.v.36-52), she seems very determined to achieve the goal of Macbeth's crowning. She asks the spirits to "unsex" her, "make thick my blood" as to stop its access to remorse, and, generally, to give her the strength to do the evil deed. She too calls upon darkness to play a role in hiding the deadly act, or rather "assist" her in the murder. "Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry, ?Hold, hold!'" (I.v.48-52). After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth is crowned king. At this point and after, darkness is not just an entity to be used when needed. Before, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth needed to kill Duncan, they called upon darkness because they needed it. By now, darkness has evolved into an entity that is always there as opposed to being there just when needed. Since he became king in a foul way, Macbeth had to be careful that no one found out the truth. With his crown lay a lingering thought that someone might find out the truth and attempt to crush him. Upon finding out that Banquo would be a threat to his security, he quickly refers to darkness, in this case evilness. There is no other thought in Macbeth's head. It is murder, plain and simpleand dark. Now, in Banquo's words, he is "a borrower of the night [darkness]" (III.i.26). We can see him becoming more and more

Quaid Essays

Quaid Essays Quaid Essay Quaid Essay I choose him as my hero because I really admire him. I admire his style, his personality and what he did for the Muslims of our country. He gave Muslims their freedom from the British Empire that was ruling at that time. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born on Dec. 25th, 1876, to a prominent mercantile family in Karachi. He was educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the Christian Mission School.Jinnah joined the Lincolns Inn in 1893 to become the youngest Indian to be called to the Bar. Three years later, he became Bombays most famous lawyer. He formally entered politics in 1905 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. He went to England in that year as a member of a congress delegation to plead the cause of Indian self-governemnt during the British elections. He got us, the Muslims, freedom by forming a political group called the Muslim League.When he talked to all the Muslims around in the sub-continent at that time, he said, We are a na tion with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calandar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation. [pic] The Muslim league had a great impact on the nature of the Indian politics. By making the Muslim League, it shattered forever Hindu dreams of a pseudo-India.The British and the Indians were shocked at how all the Muslims came up together, asking for them to give them their own free country, which is now Pakistan. To get the Muslim people freedom, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah played a big role. He was the only Muslim to stand up and rally all the Muslims together so they could have their freedom on Aug. 14, 1947. Before dying on Sept. 11th, 1948, he gave the Pakistanis a last message: The foundations of y our state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can. Most people also admired him and one even said, Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan. Thats why I really admire him. He is like a hero to everyone in my country. This is because of what he did for our country and for the Muslims. He fought so much for us and he did so much for us that no one can ever forget. You always hear about Gandhi and how he did so much for India, but you never hear about Quaid-e-Azam who did everything to get us at the point that we are right now. He is a great freedom hero for me.

Principles of Responsible Commerce

Principles of Responsible Commerce Most businesses operate to make profit in the society. Apart from the profit-making objective, businesses should ensure that their operations bring positive changes in the society. The positive changes can be through job creation and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Responsible Commerce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The latter does not exclude non-corporate businesses since any act on the environment affect all businesses irrespective of size (Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility 2012). A business that creates wealth, offer products that satisfy the needs of customers and employs members of a society is dubbed a responsible business. Moreover, a responsible business strives to uphold the principle of equity and fairness to its entire stakeholders and the local community in general. The essay will analyze the principles of responsible commerce in light to th e utilitarianism theory and the learning trend that I have experienced in this course. In addition, the essay will analyse the Hewlett Packard Case Study and compare it to the theory of utilitarianism in an ethical dimension. In CSR, businesses have to align their objectives with the societal requirements. For example, businesses can engage in ethical practices through participating in environmental protection in the community, which they operate. Companies always engage in CSR as an ethical practice and not a legal requirement (Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility 2012). On the other hand, organizations can decide not to engage in CSR, but does not imply that they have gone against a legal requirement. In the journey of learning this course, I have learnt that not all ethical practices are lawful. In essence, principles of responsible commerce involve engaging in ethical activities that may affect the stakeholders.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another example involves a situation where a driver may notice an accident while driving and decides to drive away from the scene. Ethically, he should have stopped and offered help to the victims; however, his/her action has not violated the law. Again, if a business decides to take care of the poor in the community by offering educational scholarship programmes, it becomes an ethical practice. Conversely, a business that has the capability of supporting a local community, but decides not to do so has not violated the law, but its negligence results to an unethical practice. It becomes unethical since it has the potential to do so but opts to avoid it. An ethical practice involves what is right or wrong while law deals with what is unlawful or lawful (Njoka 2012). The two terms do not have direct implications on each other. In business perspectives, businesses outline their acceptable conduct s that they consider fit to guide their operations. Responsible businesses consider the needs of all participants hence they lay their foundation on trust and confidence that forms the core of ethical practices (Njoka 2012). Social enterprises are the main practitioners of these principles as their goals and objectives gear towards social responsibility. However, business enterprises that are profit making in nature ought to understand that their ethical practices directly affect human needs. For instance, if there are lapses in integrity on the employer or employees side, the consumers are the final group that bear the consequences. According to Njoka 2012, such incidences of integrity lapses lower consumers’ trust and confidence in the business. Businesses should realize that the consumers that they feel should purchase their products in order to maximize profit require due attention, which only come from ethical engagements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Responsible Commerce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If businesses neglect the interests and needs of their customers, the market can become unsustainable hence leading to business failure. Noticeably, organizations that desire to survive in this global and competitive market should instil ethical leadership in their management systems in order to attract and maintain their customers (Njoka 2012). Therefore, it is the role of the Human Resource Management (HRM) to ensure that the employees adhere to the set out ethical procedures. Moreover, business survival in the competitive market requires a high level of morality and responsibility. This aspect touches on giving back to the community in order to improve their living standards. Some of the activities that support ethical behaviours include offering sponsorship programmes for needy and bright students, training the local community how to engage in agricultural prac tices and even subsidising the cost of farming. Businesses that participate in these activities acquire high societal approval for their services (Corrales 2011). Even though other businesses may view CSR as an additional expense, the benefits that arise after the process are numerous; they include increased profitability hence assurance on continuity and the sustainable economic development.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, activities like environmental conservation programmes assist businesses to minimize their costs of production since they can mitigate the effects of climate change. An effect of climate change like drought has a direct impact on the costs of production for organizations that rely on agricultural products. In addition, the consumers will experience a low standard of living, which results to low purchases of goods and services that businesses offer. Moreover, environmental conservation will give the businesses opportunities to exploit their potentials in the present and even assure them of the same in future. Sustainable economic development offers businesses potentials both at present and in the future; therefore, it ensures that businesses survive into the future (Corrales 2011). Notably, businesses are only assured of sustainable economic development if they inculcate ethical practices in their operations. Distinctly, a responsible business should engage in CSR since t he major beneficiary is the business and not the surrounding community. The utilitarianism theory conceives that an act is moral if the results create a positive impact to several individuals (Moreland 2009). It believes that no moral act or regulation is right or wrong; one can only determine their rightness or wrongness of an act by studying the consequences. This theory deals with the philosophy of the end justify the means. This theory analyzes all the courses of action that are available and the possible effects that can occur owing to the action before deciding on a course that is morally right and the situation that one may find himself. The possible effects include the benefits and harms that may result from such an action. In the final part, a course of action that presents highest benefits is chosen after considering the costs (Andre Velasquez 2010). It does not matter whether the means that one uses is right or wrong provided the results are beneficial to many people. Fo r example, a person can break into a chemist and steal a drug that can assist a patient to recover if they cannot afford to purchase the drug. According to the utilitarianism theory, the whole process is ethical since the drug helped in saving life. Clearly, the theory oversees the unethical behaviour of stealing. In this aspect, the theory may encourage some acts, which are unethical in the business environment since they may result to positive feedbacks. As a result, the theory analyzes the morality of any effect. If the effect is good, the process is acceptable. From the above scenario, stealing produced a good and not an evil effect-rescuing life. The theory supports some acts that the societal norms consider as unethical practices. However, the theory does not consider whether the doctor has received justice for the act that made him lose his drug and experience destruction of property or not. In the business point of view, the benefits that the utilitarianism theory defines ar e the satisfaction levels and the number of stakeholders that will receive the benefits. The theory expects managers to make decisions that have greatest benefits to the majority of the stakeholders in order to ensure their satisfaction. Human Resource Managers should treat consumers as ends not as means; they should not involve consumers in the whole process of management, but must ensure that the results of the management process benefit a majority of them (Andre Velasquez 2010). From the above example of rescuing life, responsible businesses should consider the life of a human being as the most important parameter. For instance, if a business realizes that it will spend heavily in order to produce healthy products, it should do so since unhealthy products will negatively affect the lives of consumers. Even if the action of producing healthy products will result into losses, human dignity still overrides it. It is the responsibility of a business to provide high quality products to its customers and not for purposes of making profit. A responsible business will view apt employees’ remuneration as its responsibility and not a means of attracting skilful employees (Moreland 2009). The Hewlett Packard Case involved pretexting where a person pretended to be the owner of some information. This action made the private investigator access phone records of different individuals within the company. The act reveals information leakage to third parties, which were putting the company at risk of stakeholders’ withdrawal hence creating low trade values for their shares. Moreover, other drivers were leaking vital personal information to the press. Some board members could access data of the company’s customers at will. The company after investigating the issue had to reconstitute the Board of Directors in order to salvage the company’s reputation from other stakeholders (Sebastian 2011). In this manner, the company made a risky decision, which proved to be best alternative after analysing the overall costs and benefits of the consequences. This incident saw most board members resign from their posts as others tarnished their reputations. On the issue of legality, the issue of pretexting was presumed not illegal (Sebastian 2011). However, this does not imply that the act is ethical. The board members presumed that the legality of pretexting was all that could affect the operations of the company hence neglecting the ethical dimension. Despite the fact that the board members did not break any law, their acts could have affected the entire group of shareholders, stakeholders, and employees. In this dimension, the board members failed to analyse the effects of this deceptive practice in relation to the interests of the stakeholders. The pretexting ethical dilemma discloses a management system that is short-sighted, unprofessional, and egocentric in their operations. In relating the HP case and the utilitarianism theory, the decision by the company to lay-off some board members was an option that saved the reputation of the company as it considered the majority beneficiaries in the whole aspect. The interests of the stakeholders, shareholders, and employees overrode that of the few board members. The consequences of the company’s action on the pretexting incident affected the few board members negatively but benefited the stakeholders of the company. Hewlett Packard was experiencing organisational challenges at the time when the incident took place thereby giving loopholes on the ethical practices. During this time, the company’s shares had fluctuated in the market. Therefore, the case study supports the need for applying the principles of responsible commerce in all business operations irrespective of the legality. Businesses ought to act ethically when making decisions on their course of actions since the consequences may either protect or destroy the image of the businesses. This reflec tive essay has revealed that businesses that adhere to their ethical practices in order to improve their reputation among their stakeholders and shareholders hence obtaining the survival assurance in the present dynamic market. Businesses have to consider their decisions in a longsighted and humane manner. For example, they must include the interests of the local community since the community offers both social and operational security to the business (Corrales 2011). A responsible business should strive to prevent pollution and use proper waste disposal techniques. The Hewlett Packard case study and the utilitarianism theory have also analysed the need for businesses to make professional and long-sighted decisions that benefit the majority in the mix. References Andre, C Velasquez, M 2010, Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics, Santa Clara University -Welcome, scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v2n1/calculating.html Corrales, M. E 2011, Caux Round Table Princi ples for Responsible Business, Slideshare.net, slideshare.net/villamarcos/caux-round-table-principles-for-responsible-business Moreland, J 2009, Ethics Theories: Utilitarianism Vs. Deontological Ethics, Christian Research Institute, equip.org/articles/ethics-theories-utilitarianism-vs-deontological-ethics/ Njoka, F 2012, Principles of Business, Scribd, scribd.com/doc/109515149/Principles-of-Business Sebastian, E. R 2011, The Ethical Problem of Pretexting: The Hewlett Packard Case Study, Yahoo Voices, voices.yahoo.com/the-ethical-problem-pretexting-hewlett-packard-8104728.html?cat=3 Supporting Corporate Social Responsibility 2012, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC), hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/labour_globalization/ila/rep_canada/supporting_csr.shtml

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing Essay

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that multiplexing refers to a resource that is shared among many users and they are of two types;Â   The Time Division multiplexing where periodically only one user gains full capacity control at a time (TDM) and the Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) where all users get exclusive control of the link capacity. Packet switched networks entails small units of packets being routed through a network. It is footed on the target address enclosed in each packet allowing the same trail to be shared among many consumers in the network. Thus, in this type of network, packets do not follow any pre-defined pattern as it is transmitted from different sources. From the above information, it is true that Packet switching uses statistical multiplex where data packets are transmitted to many users by a single source link. Statistical multiplexer utilizes statistical knowledge of the system and the users hence assuring the quality of service rendered. Â  T herefore, multiplexing is the process of transmitting different data packets simultaneously by combining the signals into a single signal that ably moves through a bandwidth. Later when the signal arrives at its destination it re-assimilates into its normal form and the user receives it. The accurate pattern of the multiplexing course relies heavily on the nature of transmission For example when transmitting analog the signals are multiplexed using the frequency based multiplexing where the bandwidth is alienated into subchannels, thus allowing them to flow in an analogous manner.... Its design is founded on Rate and Distortion(R-D) (Watkinson, 2008, p. 52)information hauled out from consecutive planned frames. The model considers inter-frame dependencies unambiguous to the implication of encoding limitations of a specific frame over the consecutive one. Describe how a botnet can be created and how it can be used for a DDoS attack Botnet is also known as Zombie army. They consist of large numbers of infected computers mainly by the Trojan that habitually opens the Internet Ray Chat (IRC). It simply refers to (Sun, 2007, p. 65) an organized robotic army of zombies that are used for creating a denial of service attacks (DDoS), as well as permitting spam actions in the inbox and dispersing viruses (Schiller, 2007, p. 30). Zombies are linked to the internet and thus they are used to execute wicked tasks under distant directions. Botnets has four components namely 1) Diagnosing the computer with wicked codes. 2) Connection to the command and control channel assembled by the attacker.3) Downloads secondary payload on command of the attacker and 4) Performing a wicked activity When creating a botnet one needs an access to several computers, high speed internet contact, a configuring window networking a server virtualization, installed version of c + + + 6.0 as well as a Servicer pack 6 for visual c + + + and PSDK- x86 and lastly the xBot code. Basically, botnets are created through a worm program that is normally transmitted through a spam, spyware and other adware campaigns that leaves some files behind (Watkinson, 2008, p. 76). After installing the visual C+++ 6.0, the service pack 6 and the PSDK –x86 one goes ahead to compile and configure xBot. This is done by clicking on file open workspace of the visual c+ + + 6.0 and loading the